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Cambridge 18 Academic Reading Test One Passage Two
Forest management in Pennsylvania, USA
Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A—G.
Which paragraph contains the following information? NB You may use any letter more than once.
14- bad outcomes for a forest when people focus only on its financial reward
The answer is B.
In paragraph B, these trees have lower economic value for traditional timber markets, compete for growth with higher-value trees, shade out desirable regeneration, and decrease the health of a stand leaving it more vulnerable to poor weather and disease.
15. reference to the aspects of any tree that contribute to its worth
The answer is A.
In paragraph A, a large, straight black cherry tree has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made into furniture, but for a landowner more interested in wildlife habitat, the real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals.
16. mention of the potential use of wood to help run vehicles
The answer is C.
In paragraph C, wood can be gasified for electrical generation and can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars.
17. examples of insects that attack trees
The answer is E.
In paragraph E, with the many pests and pathogens visiting forests including hemlock wooly adelgid, Asian longhorn beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few, it is important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures.
18. an alternative name for trees that produce low-use wood
The answer is B.
In paragraph B, some people even call these ‘junk trees’, and they are abundant in Pennsylvania.
Look at the following purposes (Questions 19–21) and the list of timber cuts below.
Match each purpose with the correct timber cut, A, B, or C.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
19. to remove trees that are diseased
The answer is B. > a Salvage Cut
In paragraph E, these types of cut reduce the number of sick trees and seek to manage the future spread of a pest problem.
20. to generate income across a number of years
The answer is C. > a Shelterwood Cut
In paragraph F, it can also be used to develop a two-tier forest so that there are two harvests and the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or more.
21. to create a forest whose trees are close in age
The answer is C. > a Shelterwood Cut
In paragraph F, it leaves a young forest where all trees are at a similar point in their growth.
Complete the sentences below.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
22. Some dead wood is removed to avoid the possibility of ….
The answer is FIRE.
In paragraph G, thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood.
23. The ….. from the tops of cut trees can help improve soil quality.
The answer is NUTRIENTS.
In paragraph G, the tops of trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients cycle back into the soil.
24. Some damaged trees should be left, as their …. provide habitats for a range of creatures.
The answer is CAVITIES.
In paragraph G, in addition, trees with many cavities are extremely important habitats for insect predators like woodpeckers, bats, and small mammals.
25. Some trees that are small, such as …., are a source of food for animals and insects.
The answer is HAWTHORN.
In paragraph G, it is also important to remember that not all small trees are low-use. For example, many species like hawthorn provide food for wildlife.
26. Any trees that are …. should be left to grow, as they add the variety of species in the forest.
The answer is RARE.
In paragraph G, finally, rare species of trees in a forest should also stay behind as they add to its structural diversity.